Vitamin E

A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to remain healthy and work the method it should. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is found in seeds, nuts, leafy green vegetables, and vegetable oils. Vitamin E enhances the immune system and assists keep blood clots from forming. It also assists prevent cell damage triggered by complimentary radicals (highly reactive chemicals). Vitamin E is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. It is a kind of antioxidant. Likewise called alpha-tocopherol. (1 )

Introduction

Vitamin E is a vitamin that dissolves in fat. It is discovered in many foods consisting of vegetable oils, cereals, meat, poultry, eggs, and fruits.

Vitamin E is an important vitamin needed for the proper function of numerous organs in the body. It is likewise an antioxidant. Vitamin E that takes place naturally in foods (rrr-alpha-tocopherol) is various from man-made vitamin E that is in supplements (all-rac-alpha-tocopherol).

Vitamin E is used for dealing with vitamin E deficiency, which is uncommon, however can occur in people with certain congenital diseases and in really low-weight early babies. Vitamin E is likewise utilized for numerous other conditions, but there is no good clinical evidence to support many of these other usages. (2 ).

History

Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) was discovered nearly 100 years back since it was needed to prevent fetal resorption in pregnant, vitamin E-deficient rats fed lard-containing diet plans that were easily oxidizable. The human diet contains eight different vitamin E-related molecules manufactured by plants; despite the fact that all of these molecules are peroxyl extreme scavengers, the body prefers α-tocopherol. The biological activity of vitamin E is extremely dependent upon regulatory systems that serve to keep α-tocopherol and excrete the non-α-tocopherol types. This preference depends on the mix of the function of α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-ttp) to enhance the plasma with α-tocopherol and the metabolism of non-α-tocopherols. Α-ttp is important for human health because anomalies in this protein result in severe vitamin E deficiency characterized by neurologic abnormalities, especially ataxia and ultimately death if vitamin E is not supplied in large quantities to conquer the lack of α-ttp. Α-tocopherol works as a peroxyl extreme scavenger that protects polyunsaturated fats in membranes and lipoproteins. Although particular paths and specific molecular targets have been sought in a range of research studies, the most likely description regarding why human beings need vitamin E is that it is a fat-soluble anti-oxidant. (3 ).

Synthesis

Biosynthesis

Photosynthesizing plants, algae and cyanobacteria synthesize tocochromanols, the chemical family of compounds made up of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols; in a nutrition context this household is referred to as vitamin E. Biosynthesis begins with development of the closed-ring part of the molecule as homogentisic acid (hga). The side chain is attached (saturated for tocopherols, polyunsaturated for tocotrienols). The path for both is the same, so that gamma- is created and from that alpha-, or delta- is produced and from that the beta- compounds. Biosynthesis occurs in the plastids.

As to why plants manufacture tocochromanols, the major reason seems for antioxidant activity. Various parts of plants, and various species, are dominated by different tocochromanols. The primary type in leaves, and hence leafy green veggies is α-tocopherol. Location is in chloroplast membranes, in close proximity to the photosynthetic process. The function is to protect versus damage from the ultraviolet radiation of sunlight. Under regular growing conditions the presence of α-tocopherol does not appear to be important, as there are other photo-protective substances, and plants that through anomalies have lost the ability to synthesize α-tocopherol demonstrate normal growth. Nevertheless, under stressed out growing conditions such as drought, elevated temperature level or salt-induced oxidative tension, the plants’ physiological status is superior if it has the normal synthesis capability.

Seeds are lipid-rich, to offer energy for germination and early development. Tocochromanols protect the seed lipids from oxidizing and becoming rancid. The existence of tocochromanols extends seed durability, and promotes effective germination and seedling development. Gamma-tocopherol dominates in seeds of the majority of plant types, but there are exceptions. For canola, corn and soy bean oils, there is more γ-tocopherol than α-tocopherol, but for safflower, sunflower and olive oils the reverse holds true. Of the frequently used food oils, palm oil is unique in that tocotrienol material is higher than tocopherol content. Seed tocochromanols content is also depending on environmental stress factors. In almonds, for example, drought or raised temperature increase α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol content of the nuts. The same post discusses that drought increases the tocopherol content of olives, and heat likewise for soybeans.

Industrial synthesis

Naturally sourced d-alpha-tocopherol can be extracted and cleansed from seed oils, or gamma-tocopherol can be extracted, cleansed, and methylated to develop d-alpha-tocopherol. In contrast to alpha-tocopherol extracted from plants, which is also called d-alpha-tocopherol, industrial synthesis develops dl-alpha-tocopherol. “it is manufactured from a mixture of toluene and 2,3,5-trimethyl-hydroquinone that reacts with isophytol to all-rac-alpha-tocopherol, utilizing iron in the presence of hydrogen chloride gas as catalyst. The response mix gotten is filtered and drawn out with liquid caustic soda. Toluene is gotten rid of by evaporation and the residue (all rac-alpha-tocopherol) is purified by vacuum distillation.” spec for the active ingredient is >> 97% pure. This artificial dl-alpha-tocopherol has approximately 50% of the effectiveness of d-alpha-tocopherol. Makers of dietary supplements and fortified foods for humans or domesticated animals convert the phenol type of the vitamin to an ester using either acetic acid or succinic acid since the esters are more chemically stable, attending to a longer shelf-life. The ester forms are de-esterified in the gut and taken in as free alpha-tocopherol. (4 ).

Function

Vitamin E has the following functions:.

1. It is an antioxidant. This means it safeguards body tissue from damage caused by compounds called complimentary radicals. Free radicals can harm cells, tissues, and organs. They are thought to play a role in particular conditions connected to aging.
2. It assists keep the immune system strong against infections and germs.
3. It assists form red cell and widen capillary to keep blood from clotting inside them.
4. It assists the body usage vitamin k.
5. Cells also utilize vitamin E to connect with each other. It helps them perform many important functions.

Whether vitamin E can prevent cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia, liver disease, and stroke still requires additional research. (5 ).

Food sources

Vitamin E is discovered in plant-based oils, nuts, seeds, fruits, and veggies.

• Wheat germ oil
• Sunflower, safflower, and soybean oil
• Sunflower seeds
• Almonds
• Peanuts, peanut butter
• Beet greens, collard greens, spinach
• Pumpkin
• Red bell pepper
• Asparagus
• Mango
• Avocado (6 )

Mechanism of action

The system of action for the majority of vitamin E’s results are still unidentified. Vitamin E is an antioxidant, avoiding complimentary radical responses with cell membranes. Though in some cases vitamin E has been revealed to have pro-oxidant activity.

One system of vitamin E’s antioxidant impact is in the termination of lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E reacts with unstable lipid radicals, producing steady lipids and a fairly steady vitamin E radical. The vitamin E radical is then reduced back to stable vitamin E by response with ascorbate or glutathione. (7 ).

Advantages of vitamin E

Though vitamin E is typically thought of as a single compound, it’s in fact a group of 8 fat-soluble compounds with powerful antioxidant effects.

Of these 8 chemical forms, alpha-tocopherol finest meets the dietary requirements of humans.

Vitamin E exists naturally in specific foods, consisting of seeds, nuts, some vegetables, and some strengthened products. You can likewise take it as a dietary supplement.

It plays numerous functions in your body. It’s perhaps best known for its antioxidant results, protecting your cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing damaging particles called complimentary radicals. In addition, it’s required for correct immune function and cellular signaling.

That’s why it’s not unexpected that research suggests taking vitamin E supplements might benefit your health in numerous methods.

This short article covers 8 possible advantages of vitamin E.

Might lower markers of oxidative tension and enhance antioxidant defenses

Oxidative stress is a condition that occurs when there’s an imbalance in between your body’s antioxidant defenses and the production and build-up of substances called reactive oxygen species (ros). This can lead to cellular damage and increased illness risk.

Because vitamin E functions as a powerful antioxidant in the body, research studies have actually shown that supplementing with high doses of it can decrease markers of oxidative tension and boost antioxidant defenses in some populations.

For example, a 2018 study in 54 individuals with diabetic nephropathy– kidney damage brought on by high blood sugar– discovered that supplementing with 800 iu of vitamin E each day for 12 weeks significantly increased levels of glutathione peroxidase (gpx) compared with a placebo.

Gpx is a group of antioxidant enzymes that protect your cells from oxidative damage.

A 2021 research study likewise revealed that supplementing with a combination of vitamin E and vitamin c daily for 8 weeks reduced markers of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde and ros, in females with endometriosis.

May lower heart problem danger elements

Having high blood pressure and high levels of blood lipids such as ldl (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides might increase your danger of developing heart problem.

Promisingly, research study suggests that vitamin E supplements may help reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors such as these in some people.

A 2019 evaluation of 18 research studies discovered that, compared to placebo treatments, vitamin E supplements significantly decreased systolic however not diastolic high blood pressure– the top and bottom numbers of high blood pressure readings, respectively.

Some studies also reveal that taking vitamin E with omega-3 supplements might minimize ldl and triglyceride levels in people with metabolic syndrome– a cluster of conditions, consisting of high blood fat levels, that increases the risk of heart disease and other health conditions.

May advantage those with nonalcoholic fatty liver illness (nafld)

Nafld includes a number of conditions that trigger an accumulation of fat in the liver in individuals who consume little or no alcohol.

According to research study findings, vitamin E supplements may enhance some elements of health in people with nafld.

A 2021 evaluation of 8 research studies found that supplementing with vitamin E lowered levels of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (alt) and aspartate aminotransferase (ast), decreased blood lipid levels, and enhanced liver health in individuals with nafld.

Raised ast and alt levels can indicate liver swelling and damage in individuals with nafld, so lower levels agree with.

May help handle dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea is a condition characterized by serious and regular menstrual discomfort, such as cramps and pelvic discomfort.

Promisingly, research suggests vitamin E supplements might minimize pain in ladies with this condition.

In a 2018 research study in 100 women with dysmenorrhea, taking 200 iu of vitamin E daily relieved menstrual pain more than a placebo. The impacts were even better when the vitamin was integrated with an omega-3 supplement consisting of 180 mg of epa and 120 mg of dha.

Furthermore, a 2021 research study revealed that supplementing with a mix of vitamin E and vitamin c daily for 8 weeks helped reduce the severity of pelvic discomfort and dysmenorrhea in women with endometriosis.

Other potential health benefits

Vitamin E supplements have likewise been connected to a number of other health benefits:.

May advantage skin health. Vitamin E supplements may be useful for those with particular skin conditions, such as eczema. However, research is currently limited, and more studies are required to get more information about this prospective advantage.

May advantage cognitive health. Maintaining optimal vitamin E levels and taking supplements may help protect against cognitive decline. But it’s still unclear whether the supplements benefit people with cognitive conditions like alzheimer’s disease.

May benefit older grownups. Since vitamin E plays important functions in health, such as reducing swelling and improving immune function, supplements might benefit people who have increased requirements or don’t get enough in their diets, such as some older adults.

May improve lung function. Studies have shown that vitamin E supplements could improve lung function and specific symptoms of asthma in children and adults. (8 ).

Role of vitamin E in pregnancy

Vitamins play crucial roles in female health. They are essential for lots of functions, consisting of menstruation and ovulation, oocyte (egg) quality and maturation. Vitamin E was first discovered in 1922 as a substance essential for reproduction. It has become commonly referred to as a powerful lipid-soluble antioxidant. There are different reports on the benefits of vitamin E on health in general. Vitamin E helps your body develop and maintain red blood cells, healthy skin, eyes and enhances your natural body immune system. Nevertheless, regardless of it being at first discovered as a vitamin essential for reproduction, to date research studies connecting to its results in this area are doing not have. Vitamin E supplementation may help in reducing the danger of pregnancy issues involving oxidative stress, such as pre-eclampsia. This chapter is written to supply an evaluation of the recognized functions of vitamin E in pregnancy. (9 ).

Skin health benefits of vitamin E for males

While it might be unusual for guys to have a vitamin E shortage, this hasn’t stopped a number of them from scooping up skin care products including it (including our effective firming serum). Here is why a growing variety of men are including vitamin E into their day-to-day skin care routine.

Anti-aging

Are you beginning to show signs of crow’s feet? Vitamin E safeguards skin cells from totally free radicals, which helps slow down signs of aging. This holds true whether you take in foods abundant in vitamin E or apply it topically.

In fact, vitamin E is typically used in sunscreens and daily moisturizers for guys due to its photoprotective residential or commercial properties. Research study reveals that alpha-tocopherol, the primary naturally taking place isomer in vitamin E, can possibly avoid dna cell damage from uv rays (see claim: “topical application of alpha-tocopherol (alphath), the most popular naturally happening kind of vitamin E, prevents ultraviolet (uv) b-induced photocarcinogenesis and dna photodamage in c3h mice in vivo”.).

Injury healing

There has actually been a significant amount of anecdotal proof that vitamin E can accelerate injury recovery and possibly lower acne scars. While there isn’t much in the way of scientific proof on vitamin E’s function in wound recovery, research does suggest that keeping skin hydrated is crucial to lowering the look of scars (see claim: “the discovery that a wet environment actively supports the healing action when compared with a dry environment highlights the value of water and great hydration levels for optimum healing.”).

Male who slather on cream containing vitamin E might be seeing a reduction in scarring just because they are hydrating their skin frequently. Using an everyday men’s moisturizer can help you attain similar skin care benefits by smoothing out imperfections and safeguarding your face from sun damage.

Fights acne

Guy tend to have oilier skin compared to ladies, which can result in serious acne breakouts. If you’re questioning whether vitamin E can help you control your breakouts, the response is maybe.

There are some research studies which recommend that a diet abundant in vitamin E (in addition to vitamin a and zinc) can help in reducing acne signs. Nevertheless, studies on how vitamin E can benefit acne victims are minimal and inconclusive.

With studies being so limited, vitamin E isn’t recommended as a standalone solution to acne. Instead, guys are better off utilizing an acne treatment system created for their skin. (10 ).

What can vitamin E provide for hair?

Vitamin E has natural antioxidant effects that might assist to keep hair development.

Individuals have claimed that vitamin E uses a number of advantages for hair health, however many of these claims do not have strenuous clinical evidence to back them up.

The majority of the claims about vitamin E’s role in hair health associate with its antioxidant homes. These focus on the concept that it can minimize cell damage and improve hair growth.

We examine some of the most typical claims below.

Might help support a healthy scalp

Vitamin E might assist support a healthy scalp and hair as it has natural antioxidant effects that might assist with maintaining hair growth.

The vitamin’s antioxidant properties could help reduce the quantity of oxidative stress and complimentary radicals that trigger the hair roots cells in an individual’s scalp to break down.

Help prevent loss of hair

There is some limited evidence to support the claim that vitamin E can help avoid loss of hair.

A small research study utilizing an overall of 38 volunteers experiencing loss of hair took a look at the function that vitamin E played in avoiding this loss. The research study discovered that one of the components of vitamin E did improve the hair growth of the volunteers compared with a placebo.

More research is still essential to determine how vitamin E impacts hair loss.

Increased shine

According to some people, vitamin E can help renew shine that the hair loses as a result of damage. Chemicals, heat, and other styling products can all harm the hair.

An individual can bring back shine using oils, which offer an extra layer of protection to the skin and hair. Many manufacturers will add vitamin E to their items to help bring back shine.

There is minimal research on how effective vitamin E is at making the hair shinier once again. (11 )

Eye advantages of vitamin

Almonds and other nuts are exceptional sources of natural vitamin E.

Research study recommends vitamin E may help reduce the worsening of age-related macular degeneration (amd) amongst individuals who reveal early indications of the eye illness.

In the age-related eye disease study (areds) involving almost 5,000 individuals, participants with early amd had a 25 percent lower threat of establishing sophisticated phases of the illness when taking an everyday dietary supplement containing vitamin E. The areds supplement consisted of 400 worldwide systems (iu) of vitamin E, as well as high levels of vitamin a (as beta-carotene), vitamin c and zinc.

Based on areds and other dietary studies, numerous optometrist suggest that their clients supplement their diet plan with a day-to-day multivitamin that contains as much as 400 iu of vitamin E in combination with other antioxidants as part of their preventative eye care.

Some research studies recommend vitamin E also might play a role in avoiding cataracts:.

In a big, long-lasting study of more than 3,000 grownups (ages 43 to 86) in wisconsin, five-year threat for cataracts was 60 percent lower among individuals who reported using multivitamins or any supplement consisting of vitamin E or vitamin c for more than ten years, compared to nonusers.

In a 2008 research study that assessed the dietary consumption of more than 35,000 female health professionals, females whose diets (including supplements) had the highest levels of lutein and vitamin E had a lower relative risk of cataracts than ladies whose diets remained in the lowest 20 percent for levels of these nutrients.

However, a current research study of apparently healthy older males in the united states failed to reveal any advantage of vitamin E supplementation in the avoidance of cataracts.

More than 11,000 guys ages 50 and older (african-american participants) or 55 and older (all other individuals) took a day-to-day vitamin E supplement (400 iu of dl-alpha-tocopherol) or a placebo pill for around five and a half years. At the end of the research study duration, there was no substantial distinction in the number of cataract medical diagnoses or cataract surgical treatments performed among participants of the two groups.

It appears more research study is needed to fully comprehend the potential eye advantages of vitamin E– particularly in regards to whether vitamin E supplements can minimize the threat of cataracts. (12 ).

Vitamin E deficiency

Vitamin E shortage triggered by a diet plan low in vitamin E is common in establishing countries. In developed nations, the cause is typically an absorption condition. Some infants are born with vitamin E deficiency, which typically enhances with supplements.

• Vitamin E shortage may trigger impaired reflexes and coordination, problem strolling, and weak muscles.
• Premature babies with the shortage may establish a severe type of anemia.
• The diagnosis is based on symptoms and outcomes of a physical exam.
• Taking vitamin E supplements fixes the shortage.

Vitamin E (tocopherol) is an antioxidant: it protects cells against damage by complimentary radicals, which are by-products of typical cell activity and which participate in chemical reactions within cells. A few of these responses can be damaging.

Vitamin E, like vitamins a, d, and k, is a fat-soluble vitamin, which dissolves in fat and is finest taken in when consumed with some fat. Great sources of vitamin E include veggie oils, nuts, seeds, green leafy veggies, and wheat germ.

Babies have a relatively low reserve of vitamin E due to the fact that just small amounts of vitamin E cross the placenta. Therefore, newborns, especially premature newborns, are at increased threat of vitamin E shortage. Nevertheless, with age, danger decreases due to the fact that babies generally get enough vitamin E in breast milk or in business solutions. Adults can save big quantities of vitamin E in fat tissue, making the shortage less most likely.

Reasons for vitamin E shortage

A very low fat diet does not have vitamin E, due to the fact that vegetable oils are the primary source of this vitamin and since vitamin E is finest taken in when consumed with some fat. Disorders that hinder fat absorption (such as certain liver disorders, gallbladder disorders, pancreatitis, and cystic fibrosis) can likewise minimize the absorption of vitamin E and increase the risk of vitamin E shortage.

In the united states and other industrialized nations, vitamin E shortage is rare among older children and grownups and is generally due to.

• A disorder that impairs fat absorption (malabsorption condition)
• In establishing nations, the most typical reason for vitamin E shortage is
• Inadequate consumption of vitamin E

Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency

In children, signs might consist of sluggish reflexes, problem walking, loss of coordination, loss of position sense (understanding where the limbs are without looking at them), and muscle weakness.

In adults with vitamin E shortage due to a malabsorption disorder, these symptoms hardly ever establish due to the fact that grownups save large amounts of vitamin E in fat (adipose) tissue.

Vitamin E deficiency can trigger a form of anemia in which red blood cells rupture (hemolytic anemia). Early infants who have a vitamin E deficiency are at danger of this severe disorder.

In premature babies, bleeding (hemorrhage) may happen within the brain, and blood vessels in the eyes might grow unusually (a disorder called retinopathy of prematurity). Impacted newborns likewise have weak muscles. (13 ).

Vitamin E adverse effects

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these indications of an allergy to vitamin E: hives; tough breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Stop taking vitamin E and call your medical professional simultaneously if you have:.

• Headache, dizziness, vision changes;
• A light-headed feeling, like you may pass out;
• Uncommon weak point or exhausted sensation;
• Diarrhea, stomach cramps; or
• Easy bruising or bleeding (nosebleeds, bleeding gums).

Common vitamin E side effects may include:.

• Nausea;
• Tired feeling
• Headache; or
• Moderate rash. (14 )

Dosage and preparation

The suggested dietary allowance (rda) for vitamin E is 15 mg. A lot of vitamin E supplements provide around 67 mg of the nutrient, which is much greater than the rda. Those needing a vitamin E supplement likely have a diagnosed vitamin E shortage, which is a lot more suitable for the 60 to 75 mg each day dose provided in a supplement. Big dose vitamin E supplements ought to be approached with caution and talked about with your physician ahead of time.

Vitamin E supplements are available in two types: artificial and natural. The natural type of vitamin E is alpha-tocopherol while the artificial kind is di-alpha-tocopherol. Both work well, however, a larger dosage of the synthetic form is needed to accomplish similar outcomes. You can likewise find vitamin E supplements including both types of alpha-tocopherol, called combined tocopherols. (15 ).

Interactions

Use of some drugs can affect your vitamin E levels. Possible interactions consist of:.

Alkylating agents and anti-tumor prescription antibiotics. There’s issue that high dosages of vitamin E may affect the use of these chemotherapy drugs.

Anticoagulants and anti-platelet drugs, herbs and supplements. Use of vitamin E with these drugs, herbs and supplements to lower blood clot may increase the risk of bleeding.

Cytochrome p450 3a4 (cyp3a4) substrates. Usage care when taking vitamin E and other drugs affected by these enzymes, such as omeprazole (prilosec, zegerid).

Statins and niacin. Taking vitamin E with statins or niacin, which may benefit individuals with high cholesterol, might decrease niacin’s result.

Vitamin k. Taking vitamin E with vitamin k might decrease the results of vitamin k. (16 ).

What are cautions and preventative measures for vitamin E?

Cautions

This medication consists of vitamin E. Do not take aquasol e, alpha-tocopherol, or tocopherol if you are allergic to vitamin E or any active ingredients included in this drug.

Keep out of reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical help or call a toxin control center right away. (17 ).

Conclusion

Vitamin E was first used as a supplement in canada by the doctors shute and shute; based upon the favorable outcomes it accomplished, they began utilizing it frequently in their practices. Since then, properly designed experimental and scientific studies have advanced gradually and increased our understanding of vitamin E. The antioxidative residential or commercial properties of vitamin E have been found to play an essential function in the fight against various diseases such as atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, cancer, cataract and ad, among others.

This review focused on the essential functions of vitamin E in some diseases; in addition to these, this vitamin has actually been discovered to be effective against asthma, allergic reactions and diabetes, to name a few. Conversation of the dietary sources, rda and the interaction of vitamin E supplements with other dietary aspects, has actually shown the requirement for and significance of vitamin E in the human context. Hence, raising public awareness of the role of dietary antioxidants in preserving better health would benefit a number of lives.

Apart from the enormous benefits reported, there has actually always been argument about the specific function of vitamin E and its function in numerous illness. There are lots of contrasting reports of favorable and unfavorable outcomes on the same biological activities in the literature. The primary limitation in figuring out the roles of vitamin E in human health is the absence of validated biomarkers for vitamin E consumption and status, which would help to relate consumption to possible clinical results. In conclusion, although the information surrounding vitamin E is inconsistent, the present literature appears to support the view that the benefits outweigh the side-effects. (18 ).

References

1. Https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vitamin-e
2. Https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-954/vitamin-e
3. Https://www.karger.com/article/abstract/343106
4. Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vitamin_e
5. Https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002406.htm
6. Https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-e/
7. Https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/db00163
8. Https://www.healthline.com/health/all-about-vitamin-e#58.-other-potential-health-benefits
9. Https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76117
10. Https://www.tiege.com/blogs/news/what-are-the-benefits-of-vitamin-e-for-men
11. Https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322836
12. Https://sinchewoptics.com.sg/blogs/news/vitamin-e-benefits-for-your-eyes-and-vision
13. Https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/disorders-of-nutrition/vitamins/vitamin-e-deficiency
14. Https://www.drugs.com/vitamin_e.html
15. Https://www.verywellfit.com/vitamin-e-supplements-what-you-need-to-know-90042
16. Https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-vitamin-e/art-20364144
17. Https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_vitamin_e_aquasol_e_tocopherol/drugs-condition.htm
18. Https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc3997530/